Armenian quote

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Adolf Hitler's statement about how the world forgot the Armenian Genocide

The Armenian quote is a paragraph understood to have been included in a speech by Adolf Hitler to Wehrmacht commanders at his Obersalzberg home on August 22, 1939, a week before the German invasion of Poland . ^{[ 1 ]} Authenticity of the quote is disputed.
The key area of contention regarding the "Armenian quote" is a reference to the Armenian Genocide , an episode during World War I in the Ottoman Empire , during which an estimated one to one-and-a-half million ethnic Armenians were killed. ^{[ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]} The authenticity of the quote has become hotly contested between Turkish and Armenian political activists. The quote is now inscribed on one of the walls of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC . In 2009 International Association of Genocide Scholars used the quote in a letter to Barack Obama related to the Armenian Genocide recognition. ^{[ 5 ]} However, Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal , examined the document containing the Armenian quote and rejected its use as evidence due to its doubtful origin. ^{[ 6 ] [ 7 ]}

Contents 1 Origin of the document 2 German and English wording 3 Contesting interpretations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Origin of the document

Three documents grouped in together during Nuremberg Trials which were containing Hitler's speech on 22 August 1939 (1014-PS, ^{[ 8 ]} 789-PS, ^{[ 9 ]} and L-3, ^{[ 10 ] [ 11 ]} ) and only the document L-3 contained Armenian Quote of the Hitler's speech. ^{[ citation needed ]} Documents 1014-PS ^{[ 10 ]} and 798-PS were captured by the United States forces inside the OKW headquarters ^{[ 12 ]} but these documents did not contain the Armenian quote. On May 16, 1946, during the Nurnberg War Tribunals, a counsel for one of the defendants, Dr. Walter Siemers requested from the president of the trial to strike out the document 1014-PS ^{[ 10 ]} which did not contain the Armenian quote, but his request was rejected by the president. ^{[ 13 ]} Document L-3 is brought to the court by an American journalist, Louis P. Lochner and it is identified but after examination, it was rejected as an evidence during the trials due to its authenticity being under question. ^{[ 12 ]}
According to Louis P. Lochner, while stationed in Berlin he received a copy of a speech by Hitler from his "informant", which he published (in English translation) in his book What About Germany? (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1942) as being indicative of Hitler's desire to conquer the world. In 1945, Lochner handed over a transcript of the German document he had received to the prosecution at the Nuremberg trials , where it was labeled L-3 . Hence it is known as the L-3 document . The speech is also found in a footnote to notes about a speech Hitler held in Obersalzberg on 22 August 1939 that were published in the German Foreign Policy documents ^{[ 10 ] [ 14 ]}
When asked in the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal who his source was, Lochner said this was a German called "Herr Maasz" but gave vague information about him. ^{[ 15 ]}
The Times of London quoted from Lochner's version in an unsigned article titled The War Route of the Nazi Germany on November 24, 1945. The article stated that it had been brought forward by the prosecutor on November 23, 1945, (ie the previous day), as evidence. However, according to the Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik (ser. D, vol. 7, 1961), the document was not introduced as evidence before the International Military Tribunal and is not included in the official publication of the documents in evidence. Two other documents containing minutes of Hitler's Obersalzberg speech(es) had been found among the seized German documents and were introduced as evidence; neither, however, contains the Armenian quote ^{[ citation needed ]}
In Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (colloquially also known as "the Red Set"), a collection of documents relating to the Nuremberg trials prepared by the prosecutorial team, the editors describe the relation between the documents concerned as follows: ^{[ 16 ]}

Just one week prior to the launching of the attack on Poland, Hitler made an address to his chief military commanders, at Obersalzberg, on 22 August 1939. [Three reports of this meeting are available: (L-3; 798-PS and 1014-PS). The first of the three documents (L-3) was obtained through an American newspaperman, and purported to be original minutes of the Obersalzberg meeting, transmitted to the newspaperman by some other person. There was no proof of actual delivery to the intermediary by the person who took the notes. That document (L-3) therefore, merely served as an incentive to search for something better. The result was that two other documents (798-PS) and (1014-PS) were discovered in the OKW files at Flensberg [ sic ]. These two documents indicate that Hitler on that day made two speeches, one apparently in the morning and one in the afternoon. Comparison of those two documents with the first document (L-3) led to the conclusion that the first document was a slightly garbled merger of the two speeches, and therefore was not relied upon.]

During the World War I, Louis P. Lochner was a signatory of a manifesto which asked for use of propaganda for resolution of ethnic problems, including " ...autonomy for Armenia under international guarantee and solution of various national questions in the Balkans and in Asiatic Turkey by international agreement. " It is speculated that his political opinions expressed in this manifesto might have led his forgery of the Armenian quote. ^{[ 17 ]}

German and English wording

The third paragraph of the L-3 document is as follows:

Unsere Stärke ist unsere Schnelligkeit und unsere Brutalität. Dschingis Khan hat Millionen Frauen und Kinder in den Tod gejagt, bewußt und fröhlichen Herzens. Die Geschichte sieht in ihm nur den großen Staatengründer. Was die schwache westeuropäische Zivilisation über mich behauptet, ist gleichgültig. Ich habe den Befehl gegeben — und ich lasse jeden füsilieren, der auch nur ein Wort der Kritik äußert — daß das Kriegsziel nicht im Erreichen von bestimmten Linien, sondern in der physischen Vernichtung des Gegners besteht. So habe ich, einstweilen nur im Osten, meine Totenkopfverbände bereitgestellt mit dem Befehl, unbarmherzig und mitleidslos Mann, Weib und Kind polnischer Abstammung und Sprache in den Tod zu schicken. Nur so gewinnen wir den Lebensraum, den wir brauchen. Wer redet heute noch von der Vernichtung der Armenier?

The above is a verbatim rendering of that paragraph , as included in a footnote in the Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik (ser. D, vol. 7, 1961, p. 193).
In his book What about Germany? , Lochner offered the following English translation of the document then in his possession:

Our strength consists in our speed and in our brutality. Genghis Khan led millions of women and children to slaughter—with premeditation and a happy heart. History sees in him solely the founder of a state. It's a matter of indifference to me what a weak western European civilization will say about me. I have issued the command—and I'll have anybody who utters but one word of criticism executed by a firing squad—that our war aim does not consist in reaching certain lines, but in the physical destruction of the enemy. Accordingly, I have placed my death-head formation in readiness—for the present only in the East—with orders to them to send to death mercilessly and without compassion, men, women, and children of Polish derivation and language. Only thus shall we gain the living space ( Lebensraum ) which we need. Who, after all, speaks to-day of the annihilation of the Armenians?

—p. 11–12

A variety of different wordings have been published since World War II , mostly retaining linguistic accuracy nevertheless. The following tries to be closer to the original:

Our strength is our quickness and our brutality. Genghis Khan had millions of women and children hunted down and killed, deliberately and with a gay heart. History sees in him only the great founder of States. What the weak Western European civilization alleges about me, does not matter. I have given the order—and will have everyone shot who utters but one word of criticism—that the aim of this war does not consist in reaching certain designated [geographical] lines, but in the enemies' physical elimination. Thus, for the time being only in the east, I put ready my Death's Head units , with the order to kill without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of the Polish race or language. Only thus will we gain the living space that we need. Who still talks nowadays of the extermination of the Armenians?

Contesting interpretations

A Turkish website says:

This so-called Hitler statement is accepted as a "historical fact" and has been quoted by numerous politicians who support the Armenian cause, in parliamentary debates in North America. It also appears routinely in Armenian propaganda publications. ... The problem with this linkage is that there is no proof that Hitler ever made such a statement. It is claimed that he referred to the Armenians in the manner cited above, while delivering a secret talk to members of his General Staff, a week prior to his attack on Poland. However, there is no reference to the Armenians in the original texts of the two Hitler speeches delivered on August 22, 1939, published as the official texts in the reliable Nuremberg documents. ^{[ 18 ]}

On the other side, Dr. Kevork B. Bardakjian , in a publication entitled Hitler and the Armenian Genocide , published by the Armenian-American Zoryan Institute for Contemporary Armenian Research and Documentation, argues that the L-3 document originates in the notes secretly taken by Wilhelm Canaris during the meeting of August 22, 1939:

To conclude, although its author is unknown, L-3 and its unsigned counterparts 798-PS and 1014-PS originate from the notes Wilhelm Canaris took personally as Hitler spoke on 22 August 1939. ... Although not an “official” record, L-3 is a genuine document and is as sound as the other evidence submitted at Nuremberg. ^{[ 19 ]}

Richard Albrecht (see de:Richard Albrecht ), a Geman social researcher and political scientist, ^{[ 20 ]} published a three-volume study (2006-08) on 20th century genocides, of which volume 2 ( Armenozid , "Armenocide") relates to the Armenian genocide, and volume 3 ( "Wer redet heute noch von der Vernichtung der Armenier?" Adolf Hitlers Geheimrede am 22. August 1939 ) is dedicated solely to Hitler's Armenian quote. Albrecht contained the document of the original German version of the Armenian quote (the L-3 text ) for the first time. ^{[ 21 ]} The book is summarized as "When discussing, and applying, all relevant features scholarly accepted as leading principles of classifying documents as authentic, the author not only works out that the L-3-document as translated and brought in a few days later at August 25th, 1939, by the US-newspaper man Louis P. Lochner (1887-1975) from Associated Press, and first published in 1942, whenever compared with any other version of the Hitlerspeech – above all the Nuremberg-documents 798-PS, 1014 PS, and Raeder-27, as produced by a dubious witness after realising the L-3-version, too – this version must be regarded as the one which most likely sums up and expresses what Hitler said – for what Hitler really said in his notorious second speech was only written down simultaneously during his speech by one of his auditors: Wilhelm Canaris (1887-1945), at that time chief of the military secret service within the Third Reich". ^{[ 20 ]}
According to Margaret L. Anderson , professor of history at the University of California, Berkeley, "we have no reason to doubt the remark is genuine, both attack and defense obscure an obvious reality" that the Armenian Genocide has achieved "iconic status... as the apex of horrors imaginable in 1939," and that Hitler used it to persuade the German military that committing genocide excited a great deal of "talk" but no serious consequences for a nation that perpetrates genocide. ^{[ 22 ]}
According to Stanford University historian Norman Naimark , it is not certain if the Armenian quote is authentic or not. However he goes on to say "There is no question that Hitler and the Nazi leadership were well aware of the Armenian genocide and its relatively innocuous effect on international affairs during the Great War and after." ^{[ 23 ]}
According to Arnold Reisman an independent scholar, ^{[ 24 ]} the originality of the Armenian quote can not be confirmed and it may be a contrived statement. ^{[ 25 ]}
Heath Lowry , Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies from Princeton University challenged the authenticity of the Armenian quote and its source, the L-3 document. ^{[ 26 ]} His conclusions are criticised by genocide scholars Roger W. Smith (founding member of IAGS ) , Eric Markusen , Robert Jay Lifton "Lowry's own work contains many questionable assertions and conclusions. He denies that Hitler ever uttered the widely quoted remark: "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" And in his recent book, The Story Behind Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, he asserts that Morgenthau's account of the genocide is nothing but "crude half-truths and outright falsehoods .. . from cover to cover." His conclusions do not in fact follow from his analysis or the evidence he can marshal" ^{[ 27 ]}
According to German historian Winfried Baumgart, among the documents of Hitler's speech on 22 August 1938, 1014-PS is the one that contains the original notes taken that day by Wilhelm Canaris , the head of military intelligence. Therefore, in order to Baumgart, 1014-PS, which does not contain the Armenian quote, is superior to the other documents of Hitler's speech including L-3 which is the only source of the Armenian quote. According to Christopher Browning , American historian of the Holocaust, L-3 document, which contains the Armenian quote, is an "apocalyptic" version of Hitler's speech that day which was purposefully leaked to the British in order to gain their support to Poland. ^{[ 28 ]}

See also

• Occupation of Poland (1939-1945)
• Expulsion of Poles by Germany
• Anti-Armenianism

References

1. ^ Dadrian, Vahakn (2003). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus . Berghahn Books. pp. 408. ISBN 1-57181-666-6 .
2. ^ Dictionary of Genocide, by Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, ISBN 0-313-34642-9 , p. 19
3. ^ Intolerance: a general survey, by Lise Noël, Arnold Bennett, 1994, ISBN 0-7735-1187-3 , p. 101
4. ^ Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, by Richard T. Schaefer, 2008, p. 90
5. ^ "Letter to President Obama" http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/IAGS_Obama_Letter.pdf
6. ^ " Yet its (the Armenian quote's) veracity cannot be confirmed anywhere in the transcripts of evidence admitted into record by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal. Quite the contrary. Transcripts of the speech made by Hitler on August 22, 1939 admitted into evidence are devoid of the last sentence widely attributed to Hitler and allegedly in that speech. What the transcripts do show is that the tribunal examined and then rejected Lochner's third-hand version of Hitler's address. " Reisman, Arnold, Could the US Holocaust Memorial Museum Have Erred in a Major Exhibit? (December 31, 2010). p.12. Available at SSRN: [1]
7. ^ The Trial of German Major War Criminals Sitting at Nuremberg, Germany. Fifth Day: Monday, 26rd November, 1945. Prosecutor Sydney Alderman to the president of the court:" In this presentation of condemning documents, concerning the initiation of war in September 1939, I must bring to the attention of the Tribunal a group of documents concerning an address by Hitler to his chief military commanders, at Obersalzburg, on 22nd August, 1939, just one week prior to the launching of the attack on Poland. We have three of these documents, related and constituting a single group. The first one, I do not intend to offer as evidence. The other two, I shall offer. The reason for that decision is this: The first of the three documents came into our possession through the medium of an American newspaperman, and purported to be original minutes of this meeting at Obersalzberg, transmitted to this American newspaperman by some other person; and we had no proof of the actual delivery to the intermediary by the person who took the notes. That document, therefore, merely served to keep our prosecution on the alert, to see if it could find something better. Fortunately, we did get the other two documents, which indicate that Hitler on that day made two speeches, perhaps one in the morning, one in the afternoon, as indicated by the original minutes, which we captured. By comparison of those two documents with the first document, we conclude that the first document was a slightly garbled merger of the two speeches. " [2]
8. ^ "Translation of doc 1014-PS" http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/donovan/pdf/Batch_2_pdfs/Vol_IV_8_06.pdf
9. ^ "Translation of doc 780-ps" http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/donovan/pdf/Batch_2_pdfs/Vol_IV_8_05.pdf
10. ^ ^{a b c d} "IMG Nürnberg
11. ^ "L-3 is inside the footnote of the document" http://library.fes.de/library/netzquelle/zwangsmigration/32ansprache.html
12. ^ ^{a b} "ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SECOND DAY Friday, 17 May 1946 page 64 " http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/05-17-46.asp
13. ^ ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIRST DAY Thursday, 16 May 1946 page 47 " http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/05-16-46.asp
14. ^ "Portrayals of Hitler Project" http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/hitler/hitler.htm
15. ^ Reisman (2010), p.18
16. ^ Office of the United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946). "Chapter IX – Launching of wars of aggression" . Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression . 1 .
17. ^ Reisman, p.21
18. ^ Armenian Forgeries and Falsifications
19. ^ KB Bardakjian (1985). Hitler and the Armenian Genocide . Special Report No. 3, The Zoryan Institute. ISBN 978-0-916431-18-1 . Available on-line (8.1 MB).
20. ^ ^{a b} "Book summary, Richard Albrecth" http://www.h-net.org/announce/show.cgi?ID=160809
21. ^ " Wer redet heute noch von der Vernichtung der Armenier " http://www.shaker.de/de/content/catalogue/index.asp?lang=de&ID=8&ISBN=978-3-8322-6695-0
22. ^ "Who Still Talked about the Extermination of the Armenians: German Talk and German Silences" in A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire, ed. R. Suny, Oxford, 2010, p. 199.
23. ^ Fires of hatred: ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe, Norman M. Naimark, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 57.
24. ^ "Arnold Reisman" http://libdig10.library.vanderbilt.edu/index.php/ameriquests/rt/bio/94/101
25. ^ Reisman (2010)
26. ^ Lowry, Heath The US Congress and Adolf Hitler on the Armenians Institute of Turkish Studies, Inc., 1985 Original from the University of Michigan [3]
27. ^ "Professional Ethics and the Denial of Armenian Genocide, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, V9 Nl, Spring 1995, page 9" http://www.genocideeducation.ca/ROGER%20SMITH%20ET%20AL.pdf
28. ^ Browning, Christopher R. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy University of Nebraska Press, 2007. p. 437-438. ISBN 0-8032-5979-4